separation of powers

Separation of powers means dividing government authority among three branches so that no single person or institution controls everything.

• Legislature: Parliament makes laws, discusses public issues, and checks the work of the government.
• Executive: The President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, and government departments carry out laws and run the country day to day.
• Judiciary: Courts, led by the Supreme Court, interpret laws and protect the Constitution and people’s rights.
• This division creates checks and balances. For example, Parliament may pass a law, but the Supreme Court can examine whether it violates Fundamental Rights or the Constitution.
• India does not keep these branches completely separate. Ministers are usually members of Parliament, so the legislature and executive work closely together. However, courts remain independent when deciding cases.
• By sharing power, the Constitution helps prevent misuse of authority and protects democratic government.